An outline of the Community Service Order - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2817 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Community Essay Did you like this example? 109528 Formerly known as a Community Service Order introduced by the Criminal Justice Act 1972, a community punishment order[1] is now regulated by the Powers of Criminal Courts Act of 2000. The aims of a community punishment order is solely to reform the offender whilst he/she remains in the community, allow an opportunity to reflect on the criminal act for which s/he has been sentenced, the order is a method of rehabilitation preventing the offender from falling into a life of criminal activity and is also reparative to the public (particularly the victim).[2] The order, defined by s.163 of the PCC (2000) requires the convicted offender to spend time on unpaid work for the benefit of the community for a period between 40 to 240 hours. The offender is supervised whilst undertaking this work by a member of the youth offending team, a social worker, or a member of the probation service. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An outline of the Community Service Order" essay for you Create order As outlined in s46 of the PCC(S) Act (2000), the minimum age for a young offender to be sentenced to a community punishment order is 16. It is an alternative to a custodial sentence for the juvenile who having committed the offence, and found guilty of it, would otherwise be sent to a young offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s institution. For those under the age of 18, the Youth Justice Board would be responsible for locating secure accommodation for the committed juvenile. The other criteria for this sentence is that the court is satisfied by pre-sentence reports of the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability and suitability to carry out this form of punishment and also à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there is somewhere suitable and a type of unpaid work available for the punishment to be carried out.[3] The Youth Justice Board was created by the Government in the provisions set out in the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998. With no specific body responsible in dealing with juvenile crime, the Government set out to create a Youth Justice Board responsible for both the operation and the provision of youth justice services.[4] The Boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s primary aim as set out in s.37(1) of the CDA was to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“..prevent offending by children and young personsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] When sentencing a young offender, consideration of the young personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare needs (as outlined in s44 of the Children and Young Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Act 1933) will be paramount but other considerations such as protecting the public from further harm, reforming the offender from committing further acts of crime and allowing the public (including the victim) to have confidence in the criminal justice system will also be taken into account.[6] The youth court will not recommend a community punishment order unless it can be certain that this is the right path for the young offender to reintegrate himself into the community and is convinced that a custodi al sentence would only seek to destroy this reintegration. The court must also be sure that the young offender will be able to carry out the punishment of unpaid work, for it is not an easy option as commonly quoted by young people and the public itself. According to Cavadino and Dignan in 1997,[7] community punishment orders were used as an aid to reducing the prison population, and as discussed later, the very scope of community punishment has been reflected as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“insufficiently punitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [8] However, once the courts have sentenced the young person to a community punishment order, it is then up to the agencies responsible for the supervision of the young offender to be careful in ensuring that no conflicts of timing are made in respect of the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s religious beliefs or any work/schooling schedule.[9] A convicted teenager may well view his sentence in this respect as being of relative ease to him, considering heavy demands of unpaid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  will not interfere with his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hecticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  scheduleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Indeed, Davies et al in their 1996 text on Criminal Justice illustrated the contempt some magistrates demonstrated on the very à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“punishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  they had passed sentence on.[10] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not structured enoughthey come and go as they pleaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“They tend to lose credibility when we have breach hearingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you hear how the administrator has bent over backwards in accepting excuses (in not completing the work allocated to them)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This view counters the very aim of community punishment orders, in that they are supposed to have a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“just desertsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  tag attached to them when they are handed down, or to simplify, are meant to punish the offender for his criminal activity. However a young offender is to be punished for his criminal behaviour, the primary aim of the agencies involved has always been the welfare of that very individual, on account of his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  status. Society and the courts in modern times have recognised that the influences and actions a child participates in before adulthood will usually impress upon him through adult life, which is why the youth courts have to be careful in how they dispense justice upon a convicted young offender in relation to a community service sentence. It is the requirement of the Youth Justice Board and the associated Young Offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Teams to prevent acts of crime before a child is immersed so deeply in criminal activity or an offence committed is so serious that it is only a matter of time before a youth court hearing is inevitable. Prosecution is viewed as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“last resortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  leaving many victims in despair as the youth continues t o offend depending on his attitude to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“softly, softlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  method. This rehabilitative approach has often been seen as treating offenders with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“kid glovesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or condoning the anti-social behaviour of young offenders. Indeed, there are many steps to encounter before a juvenile may find himself in front of a youth court, including programmes such as mentoring, a parenting order where the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parents attend classes on how to improve their disciplinary skills and activities for young people (which have often been reported in the media as rewarding bad behaviour with free outings and holidays). According to the youth justice board[11], these preventative activities are to re-educate the young offender, to re-engage teenagers in their local community in regards to education, employment or training and to encourage them in developing their own role as an individual with understanding to their actions and behaviour. It is recognised in a survey conducted by MORI[12] that young offenders, who are low achievers academically or have been sidelined from the compulsory education system, are the group most at risk in their likelihood to commit crime. When conducting their survey, MORI discovered that peer pressure and committing crime because it was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or because they were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  were among the greatest reasons why the offender decided in their actions to illicit criminal activity.[13] So what are the alternatives available if the preventative actions should fail, and the offender before a youth court is deemed unsuitable for a community punishment order? Close in range to a punishment order is community rehabilitation and punishment orders whereby the offender is required to undertake the following: to be of good behaviour and lead an industrious lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to inform the supervisor of changes in address, or employment; and to comply with the supervisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s orders for visits and in reporting to the officer when required. The above as outlined in Emmins on Criminal Procedure[14], are standard requirements of the offender, and are available for a period between six months to three years. It must be noted that these orders are only for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“matureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  teenagers over the age of 16 years, where it is hoped they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“appreciateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the opportunity being given them as a chance of rehabilitation from a life of crime (with the possibility of a custodial sentence). In all essence though, this order is to be seen as a deterrent with a means of protecting the public from further harm by the convicted youth. Other community based punishments are available for the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consideration, depending on the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suitability, and age, though they are not dependant on the element of unpaid work for the duration of the sentence. We will consider each of the following in turn. A curfew order is a requirement for the offender to rem ain in a specified place for a number of hours as agreed by the court. Usually in the form of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“electronic tagà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to ensure the offender complies, this order is regulated by the PCC (S) Act 2000, s.37 and is available in youth courts. It is often viewed as a restriction of liberty, regulating movements of the offender, though this type of punishment is not solely used for an offence which is normally punishable by imprisonment. The curfew order has a maximum duration of six months, and is extendable for a monitoring period of between two to twelve hours daily (half this if the offender is aged under 16). Theoretically, according to Stone in his sentencing text, this could add up to a punishment total of 2,184 hours, 9.1 times the length of a community punishment order.[15] Primarily used in youth courts, attendance centre orders has attracted little controversy since their inclusion as a community based punishment, originally under the Criminal Justic e Act, 1991.[16] It is not extensively used, as it has a limited age range, and little is required of the offender apart from attending a centre during his/her free leisure time, presumably to prevent them from being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and being pushed into further acts of criminal activity by their own mindset or peer pressure. The order can be made for a period from twelve up to a maximum of thirty-six hours for a youth between the ages of 16-20 years. Supervision orders introduced by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1969 is a flexible method of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“punishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and has a wider scope for pertaining to the complex needs of young offenders. Stone[17] argues that it is an appropriate sentence when the individual on the receiving end has complex needs and requires in-depth assessment. This may be more useful when there are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  behind the criminal act, and the individual has behavioural problems that is not only limited to being subject to influence by their peers, or because they were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inactive and boredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, the negative aspect to this sentence is that an individual cannot be changed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“overnightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  when the supervision order is for a limited period of duration. Also, several agency initiatives, such as social workers, police and probation officers need to collaborate with each other to ensure the aims of the order are being met. With stretched resources; this is less likely to happen. Under s69(3) of the PCC(S)A 2000, a sentence can be passed in the form of an Action Plan, if the court is satisfied that this would be the appropriate means to rehabilitate and prevent the commission of further criminal acts by him/her. This is only available to offenders under the age of 18, and cannot be used in conjunction with any other community based sentence. Available for a limited period up to three months, the juvenile attend s meetings twice a week under the National Standards for Youth Justice guidelines. Under s 69(1)(b) of the 2000 Act, the offender is placed under the supervision of an appropriate officer, and must comply with that officerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requests in order for the plan to be implemented to a successful conclusion. The action plan order has an element not attached to any other community based orders in that the offender must comply with the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s/officerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demands that he/she stay away from a named area and arrangements for his/her education must also be satisfied, presumably that the offender maintains a good attendance record and behaves accordingly to that effect. Also the court has an option to fix a review hearing to check on the progress of the juvenile concerned. This shows that the courts may not always be convinced of the action planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives if its officials require reassurance that the plan has rehabilitated the o ffender.[18] Fines are a means of monetary punishment to remind the offender that he has done wrong (R v Olliver, 1989)[19], though the negative aspect of this is that fines usually have to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chased upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  through the court bailiffs if they are not paid, and if the offender is under 18, then the duty falls to the parent to pay, where in reality this is punishing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“innocentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  party who is not in the dock for the crime in the first place. With this wide variety of punishments available to the youth courts, their influence is likely to be affected by the pre-sentence report that is mandatory under the CJA 1991. Easton and Piper in their text, Sentencing and Punishment discovered that much depends on the structure and quality of the report being made to the presiding judge. Indeed, their view is that 40% of reports in high-custody areas were poor or unsatisfactory. So, what does this mean for the young offender who is in t he dock of a youth court, found guilty of a crime and about to be sentenced? The MORI report shows that in the recent year of 2004, a high number of young people committed another crime after being caught by the police for their previous offence.[20] When questioned by MORI what their attitude were to committing crime, 40% of those who took part in the survey stated their primary concern was their parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reaction, closely followed by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of being arrested.[21] With community punishments often being viewed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“softà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and something to boast about between their friends as if it is a badge of respect that they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“earnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , or that they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“got off lightlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , there is a real danger that instead of being seen as a second chance to turn their lives round, the community sentences carry little weight in the criminal justice system for juvenile offender s. Easton and Piper[22] point out that in the future, the Action Plan order will seek to encompass all the bewildering array of community punishments, will run for a period of 1-12 months with several interventions from a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“menuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which will include the options of mentoring, fines and reparation.[23] The way forward, according to the Home Office is the concentration on supervision orders, with the added combination of a reparation order as laid down in the Crime and Disorder Act, 1998. Implementing this in 2001, the Youth Justice Board developed an Intense Supervision and Surveillance Programme (ISSP), utilising electronic means and human resources to deal with any non-compliance issues. The effect of the order is to attain some form of educational achievements and for the offender to gain an understanding and remorse for his actions.[24] Easton and Piper illustrate the dangers of increasing restrictive regimes on young offenders where reliability is on the resources to implement these programmes. Without the resources, the reduction of juvenile crime remains to be seen. Not only that, but without a structured life and a lack of self-control due to parental irresponsibility,[25] juvenile crime may continue to be a common occurrence in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. Bibliography Books Cavadino P and Dignan J, 1997, The Penal System: An Introduction, 2nd edn. London: Sage Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, Criminal Justice, 2nd edn, Pearson Ed: Essex Easton, S and Piper, C, 2005, Sentencing and Punishment, Oxford: OUP Hale et al, 2005, Criminology, Oxford: OUP Padfield, N, 2000, Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths Sprack, J, 2002, Emmins on Criminal Procedure, 9th edn, Oxford: OUP Stone, N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing, GB: Shaw and Sons Websites https://www.homeoffice.gov.uk https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/ https://www.youth-justice-board. gov.uk 1 Footnotes [1] Renamed to current name by: s41 of the CJCSA 2000 [2] pg.156, Stone.N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing Part Two, GB: Shaw Sons [3] p.390-391, Sprack, J, 2002, Emmins on Criminal Procedure, 9th edn, Oxford: OUP [4] s44(1) and (5)(a) Crime and Disorder Act 1998 [5] https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/98037f.htm#37 [6] Pg.353, Padfield N, 2000, Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 2nd edn. London: Butterworths [7] Cavadino P and Dignan J, 1997, The Penal System: An Introduction, 2nd edn. London: Sage [8] pg. 287, Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, Criminal Justice, 2nd edn, Pearson Ed: Essex [9] as outlined in PCC(S) 2000, s.47(2) [10] pg. 94-5, Davies et al, 1996, Criminal Justice, London: Sage [11] https://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/YouthJusticeBoard/Prevention/PAYP/ [12] https://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/Publications/Downloads/YouthSurvey2004.pdf [13] pg.29, Circumstances of offending, ibid [14] pg. 389, Sprac k, J, 2002, Emmins on Criminal Procedure, OUP: Oxford [15] pg.171, Stone, N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing : Part Two, GB: Shaw and Sons [16] Now regulated by the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, ss60-62 [17] 177, ibid [18] pg.186, Stone, N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing : Part Two, GB: Shaw and Sons [19] R v Olliver (1989) 11 Cr App R(S) 10 [20]Table 3.4, pg.43, https://www.youthjusticeboard.gov.uk/Publications/Downloads/YouthSurvey2004.pdf 21Table 3.7,pg.46, https://www.youthjusticeboard.gov.uk/Publications/Downloads/YouthSurvey2004.pdf 22 paras 7 and 17, 2003, Home Office, Youth Justice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Next Steps, London: Home Office [21]23 pg.254, Easton, S and Piper, C, 2005, Sentencing and Punishment, Oxford: OUP [22]24 ibid [23] [24] [25] Hale et al, 2005, Criminology, Oxford: OUP

Night By Elie Wiesel Book Analysis - 708 Words

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Process matrix Free Essays

For my process design matrix I chose a financial consulting service and a fitness product that I am familiar with. For my financial services I have a dedicated team that I assign different projects and tasks to. I try to ensure that our service it above average in quality and time frames. We will write a custom essay sample on Process matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now To ensure this I keep a continuously updated roster of files and agents that I assign new and specifically tough deals to. If I know of an incoming file I can pre schedule to audit the file and do my research on which agent has the appropriate experience and time to commit. Once this is done we interview the client with the agent to ensure a good working relationship will ensue. As the project moves forward I manage the agent’s expectations and commitments to the client and provide all the assistance the agent may need. Often times we assign an assistant to make the process move along smoother and meet our commitments. We have obviously no inventory other than human resources and this provides the quality of our service which is the measure of success and quality. The product I chose is a fitness product I am familiar with, Core 46. The product has been through 4 years of design and research work. The tooling and manufacturing has been researched and committed to through another year of work and testing. We are nearing the final design stage and upon completion we will require the manufacturing facility to commit to no less than 100,000 units per month. This will not be near our order demands which will require us to contract with no less than a total of 4 manufacturing facilities in different strategic locations. The quality focus will be nearly guaranteed as the individual pieces will be made from a mold that is already going through extensive quality testing. Upon completion of the old making we will order a total of 4 sets to be sent to the 4 manufacturing facilities. All manufacturing will be done on a Just In Time TOT) basis. We will occasionally run mass quantities but that will be shipped to accommodate international purchase orders from Distribution Centers in Australia, Asia and Europe. Performance of the manufacturing centers will be based purely on their ability to meet demand and random quality testing. Once the customers receive the final product a survey will be sent ensuring the product was prepared, assembled, packaged and set up according to plan and expectations. We will be able to track ACH order based on the manufacturing center it was initially ordered from. There is and will be only minimal allowances regarding returns do to manufacturing mistakes and the facility will be charged back xx on each as is written into their contracts. Both my financial services and Core 46 are well thought out and planned projects that require much management and hands on follow up. I don’t expect or allow for much failure so key components are put in the plan and accommodations for all levels of needs and quality assurances are in place accordingly. This is the only way to ensure business is done properly success ensues. How to cite Process matrix, Essays

Ethics and Social Responsibility free essay sample

Others argue that social responsibility is shown only when companies go beyond what is optional, and really intend to create a benefit for others besides the company. Some companies may not benefit from some forms of social responsibility. These businesses should focus on what they do best as a business and give back what they can. Examples of socially responsible behavior range from rojects that raise money for research on diseases, raising money for the needy, requiring workers to volunteer within the community, recalling products that may be dangerous, promoting recycling, and offering free services to the disadvantaged. The role of ethics an social responsibility in business You may have stumbled upon this section by accident and dont feel you have done anything in the workplace that is less than completely honest and ethical at all times. Youve always played by the rules of your industry. However, many now-disgraced CEOs believed they also were playing by the rules of the game. Decisions made should not be unethical so that the reputation of the corporation is not jeopardized. Even though part of social responsibility is to increase profits by doing so organization have to stay within the rules of game which means to engage in open and free competition without deceptions or fraud (Wheelan amp; Hunger, 2010). Ethical behavior and social responsibility are similar but different they both demonstrate a standard of moral behavior, behavior that is accepted by society as right or wrong is considered ethics. Social responsibility is about improving the quality of relations with key stakeholders. In business an ethical code is very important to have, these codes set the standards of your company. Social responsibility is a continuance of ethics it involves more than just the principles of ethics it also includes integrity, fairness, and respect which affect stakeholders. Companies have a responsibility to their stakeholders to make decisions appropriately as possible. A stakeholder is a person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization (Ethics, 2013). Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Decisions should be made as ethically as possible to avoid jeopardizing the corporations’ reputation. As a courtesy to the community stakeholders should be informed of layoffs or any other act that may directly affect those involved overall. The effects of a dramatic change can take a toll on the communities that rely on the business for their needs. Keeping stakeholders abreast of change will give individuals a chance to adjust to upcoming events gradually, which in turn will avoid anger and hostility towards the corporations. The Enron scandal still tops the list of unethical behavior in any organization. This scandal demonstrated immoral practices from the pressure of potential bankruptcy and greed for more profit. This scandal shows that companies who do not follow a code of ethics and break laws should be punished. Because the company did not follow any code of ethics the government took legal action and placed several individuals from upper management in jail. This scandal could have been avoided by not having the same internal and external auditors, by having a tougher code of ethics, and by making the public more aware of the financial information pertaining to the company and their executives. References Ethics. (2013, January). Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ethics. html Wheelan, T. L. , amp; Hunger, J. D. (2010). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Achieving Sustainability (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River,, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Strategic Leadership in Action

Summary of the Article The title of the article under discussion in this paper is ‘Google building android game console’. The article is authored by Amir Efrati and Ian Sherr and published in the wall street journal. The article is about Google’s competitive strategy in the information and communication technology industry. The company plans to introduce two new products (wristwatch and video game console) to the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Leadership in Action specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These products will be powered by Google’s android software launched in 2008 and will aim at combating Apple’s future devices and give the company (Google) a competitive edge. The two devices will also aim at expanding the usage of the android software beyond tablets and smart phones. Apart from the two devices, Google also plans to launch a second version of android c alled Nexus Q, which is used for live streaming of information. Statement of the intentions of the paper The paper intends to identify and elaborate some aspects of competitiveness which the authors did not address in the article. The only aspect of competitiveness addressed by the authors in the article is rivalry among existing competitors. However, they have not addressed bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products and services, product positioning and differentiation. Threat of new entrants In order to gain a portion of a market and build trust with the customers, new entrants usually come with unique approaches in any given industry. In most cases, they use pricing as a strategy of entering the markets. They do this by setting the prices of their products at low levels than those of the incumbents. Others may focus on improving the quality of their products so as to attract customers (Hill and Gareth 3). The r eduction of price and quality improvement makes the industry very competitive for the incumbents and sometimes they may be forced to quit the industry especially if the new entrants posses huge capital. In a reaction to price reduction and quality improvement, the incumbents may come up with strategies of putting barriers aimed at preventing new entrants from entering the industry. For example, they may adopt very sophisticated technologies which are not easily available. They may also consider putting barriers to the access of the distribution channels so that new entrants may be scared away by the restricted access to supply channels (Hill and Gareth 3). Another reaction by the incumbents is what is referred to as ‘supply-side economies of scale’ which enables the incumbents to produce large quantities of goods at relatively low costs per unit. Supply side economies of scale also cushion the incumbents from the threat of lowered prices by the new entrants. It also dis courages new entrants especially those who are not able to use price reduction as a strategy to penetrate the market and dislodge the incumbents (Hill and Gareth 3).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bargaining power of suppliers In some industries, there are monopolies in terms of supply of goods or services. In such industries, the powerful suppliers are able to manipulate the prices of goods or services the way they want. A supplier is regarded as powerful if for instance, he or she does not depend on a particular industry for revenues and therefore, he or she can do without that particular industry. A powerful supplier is also one who supplies goods and services which are unique or one who has established a long term business relationship with certain companies. Powerful suppliers are also those who supply goods and services which cannot be substituted. A good example is p ilots and the aviation industry. This is because it is not easy to get well trained and qualified pilots within a short notice and therefore, the pilots’ unions may have a big bargaining power (Hill and Gareth 4). Another example is the Microsoft computer giant. It can decide to increase the price of operating systems. When this happens, the other computer dealers have no option other than cutting of their profits. In some cases, some powerful suppliers can also threaten to enter the markets themselves if the customers are not willing to purchase the goods at their desired prices. Companies may overcome this by having large capital base so that they can become suppliers themselves (Hill and Gareth 4). Bargaining power of buyers In some industries, there may be few but large buyers who purchase certain goods or services in bulk. Such buyers usually have a bargaining power to lower the price of goods or services in question because if the suppliers do not comply, they end up wi th minimal sales and profits. Buyers usually have power when the cost of switching suppliers is low and when the products in question are undifferentiated or are standardized. The bargaining power of buyers can affect the profitability of an industry because they may lower buying prices and then lower their selling prices. When this happens, the people who suffer are the other small dealers in the industry and the suppliers. Buyers can increase their competitive strategy by teaming up and setting the buying price of the products at a certain level. This can cushion them from unscrupulous suppliers and new entrants (Hill and Gareth 5). Threat of substitute products or services A substitute is a product which plays similar function as the original product. Examples of substitutes include the electronic mail as a substitute for sending letters by mail, video conferencing as a substitute of actual conferences and the use of plastics instead of aluminum products. Substitutes usually act as a threat to some industries, especially when they are priced in a friendly manner than the original products and when the cost of switching vendors is relatively low. Companies can guard themselves from the threat of substitutes by differentiation of their products and by teaming up to influence government policy on the introduction of substitute goods in the market (Hill and Gareth 6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Leadership in Action specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differentiation and Positioning In marketing, differentiation can be defined as the process of distinguishing a product or service from the rest through describing the major differences between the product or service and other products or services. As mentioned earlier, differentiation is one of the aspects of competitiveness done with a view of creating a market niche for a particular product or service. Differentiation seeks to cr eate a positive image of a particular product among the targeted consumers so as to ensure that they perceive it as unique and different from other similar products (Armstrong and Kotler 26). Product differentiation prevents the targeted consumers from comparing a particular product with others thus giving that particular product a competitive advantage over the others. When doing differentiation, the marketing departments of companies mainly use advertisement, promotions, improved product quality, lowering or increasing the prices of products and ignorance of the consumers regarding the price and quality of the product being differentiated (Armstrong and Kotler 26). Some companies may differentiate several products at the same time with the aim of acquiring a certain number of customers for the differentiated products or services; a concept called positioning. Positioning entails the use of various strategies like promotion, distribution of products or services and production of un ique products with unique pricing to build an identity of a particular company or organization in the minds of particular consumers. Through positioning, companies are able to stabilize and retain the positions of differentiated products thus retaining the competitive advantage of the company in regard to those products. In order for a company to create and maintain a particular position in a market, it needs to do a thorough research and be consistent in monitoring of market trends so as to modify or readjust the differentiation and positioning strategies for its respective products. Conclusion From the above discussion, it has emerged that competitiveness is a multidimensional concept. Many companies usually focus on their rivalry with existing competitors in designing their competitive strategies. This is the case with Google Inc. as featured in the article ‘Google Building Android Game Console’ by Amir Efrati and Ian Sherr and published in the wall street journal. H owever, there are other aspects of competitiveness which can enhance a company’s position in a certain industry. These include bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products and services, product positioning and differentiation. When all these aspects of competitiveness are taken into consideration, companies are able to enhance their competitiveness in their respective industries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Armstrong, Gary, and K. Philiph. Marketing. An Introduction, Prentice Hall: Pearson Education Company, 2009.Print. Hill, Charles, and J. Gareth. Strategic management: an integrated approach. Boston: Enfield Publishers, 2007.Print. This essay on Strategic Leadership in Action was written and submitted by user Albert Coffey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Free Essays on Theatre

Youth theatre is described as a performance whose main purpose is to enrich the audience’s lives in some way during the course of the production. â€Å"How Da B-52 cockroach learned to fly† is an excellent example of a performance for youth theatre. The play is based on an award-winning children’s book by Lisa Matsumoto. Although the book was written for a younger audience, both children and adults alike find humor and educational value in â€Å"How Da B-52 Learned to Fly.† With the help of exuberant performers, unique props and a creative set, the story of how the B-52 cockroach was a successful example of what youth theater should be. The play is centered on Kimo the cockroach and his brothers. The play is done in story form with two narrators, one who is telling the story and the other who is listening and asking questions about the major characters. The major conflict that Kimo encounters is trying to fit in and gain acceptance amongst the rest of the insects in the insect kingdom. The insects all view the cockroaches as being lazy with no good traits that could help out there society. Kimo travels through out the insect kingdom in search of a task that he and his brothers could do to gain respect and be accepted into the animal kingdom. Kimo and his brothers try to do all kinds of tasks like be movers with the ants, or deconstruct workers with the termites but they are never really able to pull off those tasks. Kimo comes close to giving up because it seems as though there is nothing that they can do to help the insect kingdom. In the end Kimos persistence pays off he is given wings and he and his brothe rs create there team of human attackers and for all there hard work the queen bee honors them. Dialogue of the play is almost entirely spoken in pidgin. The story is told from a young girl to a boy. By making pidgin the dominant language it made the play unique. When I think of plays, I usually think of Shakespe... Free Essays on Theatre Free Essays on Theatre Youth theatre is described as a performance whose main purpose is to enrich the audience’s lives in some way during the course of the production. â€Å"How Da B-52 cockroach learned to fly† is an excellent example of a performance for youth theatre. The play is based on an award-winning children’s book by Lisa Matsumoto. Although the book was written for a younger audience, both children and adults alike find humor and educational value in â€Å"How Da B-52 Learned to Fly.† With the help of exuberant performers, unique props and a creative set, the story of how the B-52 cockroach was a successful example of what youth theater should be. The play is centered on Kimo the cockroach and his brothers. The play is done in story form with two narrators, one who is telling the story and the other who is listening and asking questions about the major characters. The major conflict that Kimo encounters is trying to fit in and gain acceptance amongst the rest of the insects in the insect kingdom. The insects all view the cockroaches as being lazy with no good traits that could help out there society. Kimo travels through out the insect kingdom in search of a task that he and his brothers could do to gain respect and be accepted into the animal kingdom. Kimo and his brothers try to do all kinds of tasks like be movers with the ants, or deconstruct workers with the termites but they are never really able to pull off those tasks. Kimo comes close to giving up because it seems as though there is nothing that they can do to help the insect kingdom. In the end Kimos persistence pays off he is given wings and he and his brothe rs create there team of human attackers and for all there hard work the queen bee honors them. Dialogue of the play is almost entirely spoken in pidgin. The story is told from a young girl to a boy. By making pidgin the dominant language it made the play unique. When I think of plays, I usually think of Shakespe...

Limitations of Man's Moral Capacities and Role of Political Order Research Paper

Limitations of Man's Moral Capacities and Role of Political Order - Research Paper Example The adoption of federal constitution perhaps had presented a challenge in that many political philosophers did not immediately know the extent to which the application of the new constitution will sustain what had become the order of the day or to what extent was it going to effect changes and to whose favor or disfavor. In the understanding of crucial role that the constitution was going to play, the most respected constitution architects of that time had carefully observed the situations, and agreed as leaders of the most fundamental states then that it was permissible that the many should have perfect representation, both being afraid of Monarchy and aristocracy as had been witnessed from continental Europe. Federalists’ essays, though not having a lot of public support, had begun exploring the nature of citizens in line with the provisions in the constitution that could have been perceived as inappropriate then. This is just to introduce the very rise of federalists. Quest ioning of Mans Moral Capacities One of the most fundamental concerns in federal constitution was the institution of the presidency. ... However we find Publius crafting another complex system in Electoral College and sufficiently argues out that anyone who passes grilling of the Electoral College will definitely be a man of good morals. Besides, we can also observe that this goes hand in hand with the creation of the senate whose joint power supersedes that of the institution of presidency in critical aspects. Publius draws a comparison of political institutions then and justifies that people’s concerns are well taken care of. By crafting the duties and obligations of the president to give him a parliamentary status of membership, morality of office bearer is further monitored through provision of impeachment by the house so as to protect the interest of the majority in the event that there is questionable abuse of office. Although giving so much power to this institution, Publius cannot entrust political governance of the people without checks and balances (Carey and MacClellan, 231). Equally important is the realization by Publius that if morality of the judiciary remains at a political stake, then the whole concept of moral justice will be lost. It becomes apparent that separation of powers and independence of each institution takes center stage. Publius notices that for a judiciary to be legitimate, it must have trust of the people from whose mandate it was created through the constitution. Abuse of powers and political influence on judicial decisions were very common then. The first fundamental step that Publius takes is to insulate the morality of office bearers by providing for life tenure. We realize that by possessing neither will nor force but only judgment, it was really vital to have a satisfied judiciary that cannot

Product or Service Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product or Service Design - Research Paper Example However, I shall be using the example of two very famous products and services around us. Firstly, I shall be describing the iPhone. This smart gadget, manufactured by Apple Inc, is more than just a phone and has revolutionized the communication and entertainment world around us. Secondly, I shall describe about a famous service that most people are addicted to. This is Facebook, the social networking website that has become one of the most popular websites of all times with millions of members from around the world. Competitive advantage refers to the advantages a product or a service enjoys over its competitors. In the context of iPhones, the product has a great competitive edge on its competitors. Firstly, when the product was launched, the iPods (another entertainment product by Apple Inc) had already captured the market. Hence, when Apple combined all those features into a phone, the product itself developed a competitive edge and became unique. Moreover, Apple provided the option to the users to install applications of their own choice. This option was never provided before in any phone, hence this also made the iPhone a unique product. Besides this, the sleek design and the touch interface also made apple acquire a competitive edge in the market. iPhone faced its biggest competition with well established brands in the communication market such as Motorolla and Nokia. Both these companies have launched their products in competition to the iPhone introducing almost the same features. Facebook, in order to get a competitive advantage, targeted the service only for college students initially. They allowed college students within a network to interact with each other. This created their demand amongst the social networking websites. Besides, Facebook also allowed users to use applications of their choice. When Facebook entered the social networking market, it faced its greatest competition from Myspace and Orkut. Both these websites had

Write about your religion (islam) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Write about your religion (islam) - Essay Example This paper will discuss my life in the religion and how I share my ideas and leave with the world. I was born in a family that has always been part of the religion. I have always been encouraged by my family’s commitment in the way it attended the five prescribed daily prayers. I am glad I followed suit in the teachings of Islam and took up the challenge of to reading the Quran. As a Muslim, the faith has taught me that human beings exist for the core purpose of serving and loving God. The faith has also taught me that Allah is the only God and comparable to none (Quran 112:1-4). The words of the Quran are of divine origins that Allah revealed from Himself. It contains His words which already existed before creation and can, therefore, not be subtracted, added or amended (Brown 185). Unlike it is wrongfully believed by non Muslims, the Quran is not made up of Prophet Muhammad’s words because it was there before him. To enable Muslims get a deeper insight and understanding of the Quran and the life of Muhammad, a collection of traditions, known as Hadith, was compile d into comprehensive literature by various people. Muslims, just like Jews and Christians, believe that in death, the spirit departs from the body then waits for resurrection on judgment day (Quran 21:19-20). The three faiths’ doctrines on heaven and hell, angels, the devil, morals and the last judgment are very similar. This forms a strong basis of sharing the ideas of religion with the world. The best way of working with the world and conveying my ideas of religion is by convincing non Muslims to shun the stereotyping that every Muslim is an extremist or terrorist. There is a whole lot of genuine Muslims around the world that can be considered mainstream. It is my duty and responsibility as a Muslim to take an oath, follow the Five Pillars and uphold the Six

The Sub Processes Of Perception

The Sub Processes Of Perception The perceptual process of individuals passes through several sub-processes. They are stimulus or situation, registration, interpretation, feedback, behavior, and consequence. Stimulus or situation is the first sub-process in the process of perception. Here people are confronted with an external or internal stimulus. As a result, they might experience an immediate sensual stimulation or the confrontation may take place with the entire physical and socio-cultural environment. In Registration, the individuals record in their minds the stimulus they have received from the environment. Physiological mechanisms such as listening, hearing, etc. play an active role in the perception of individuals. During Interpretation, people analyze the stimulus they have received. It is a cognitive process that is influenced by learning, motivation, and personality. Feedback is the response individuals receive from the stimulus i.e. environmental situations. Feedback has an impact on the perception of individuals. For instance, if employees receive appreciation (feedback) from the manager for their work, then they perceive that the manager is satisfied with their performance. Registration, interpretation, and feedback occur within a person and are in response to a given stimulus from the external environment. These sub-processes lead to a certain behavior by the individual, which again leads to a certain consequence. Role of perception in decision making in manufacturing sector Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Recent worldwide advances in manufacturing technologies have brought about a metamorphism in the industry. Fast-changing technologies on the product front have created a need for an equally fast response from manufacturing industries. To meet these challenges, manufacturing industries have to select appropriate manufacturing strategies, product designs, manufacturing processes, work piece and tool materials, and machinery and equipment. The selection decisions are complex as decision making is more challenging today. Decision makers in the manufacturing sector frequently face the problem of assessing a wide range of options and selecting one based on a set of conflicting criteria. Decision Making in the Manufacturing Environment will be very useful to decision makers in the manufacturing sector as it makes decision making easier, more logical, systematic, efficient and effective. It is intended for designers, manufacturing engineers, practitioners, managers, institutes involved in design and manufacturing related projects, applied research workers, academics, and graduate students in mechanical, industrial, and manufacturing engineering. Organizations rely heavily on the choices made for their success. The right choices can bring triumph and negative choices can cause failure. Perception plays a very important role in the choices individuals make. People make decisions every day, every hour and every minute based on the perceptions they interpret. Perception can cause several people to make wrong choices based on false information. In an organization incorrect decisions can cause a great deal of negative effects. Perception plays a vital role in the choices humans make. People make decisions every day, every hour and every minute based on the perceptions they construe. Each individual perceives situations, places, people and so forth with ones own five senses. However, what one perceives is not always accurate. Peoples perceptions can be misleading and can cause negative effects. Perception can cause numerous people to make the wrong choices based on non-factual information. In organizations wrong decisions can cause a tremendous amount of negative effects. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand perception; how ones perception of others impacts an organizations behavior; the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts when judging others; how decisions in real world organizations are made; and how perceptions shape ones ethical decisions. Q1. Whether companies consider perception before decision Making? Ans.: Direct Attention Thinking Tools (DATT) is now Power of Perception. DATT gives us 10 simple strategies for sharpening an individuals perception and focusing our thinking in a more comprehensive, effective, and efficient way. DATT tools will enable us to have a broad and inclusive viewpoint. Using the DATT tools helps we can create a framework for defining a situation and improves our ability to consider consequences before we take action. So companies should consider perception before decision making with the help of DATT. Q2. How does perception affects decision making? Ans.: 1. Individuals in organizations make decisions; they make choices from among two or more alternatives. Top managers determine their organizations goals, what products or services to offer, how best to finance operations, or where to locate a new manufacturing plant. Middle- and lower-level managers determine production schedules, select new employees, and decide how pay raises are to be allocated. Non-managerial employees also make decisions including whether or not to come to work on any given day, how much effort to put forward once at work, and whether or not to comply with a request made by the boss. A number of organizations in recent years have been empowering their non-managerial employees with job-related decision-making authority that historically was reserved for managers. Decision-making occurs as a reaction to a problem. There is a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state, requiring consideration of alternative courses of action. The awareness that a problem exists and that a decision needs to be made is a perceptual issue. 3. Every decision requires interpretation and evaluation of information. The perceptions of the decision maker will address these two issues. Data are typically received from multiple sources. Which data are relevant to the decision and which are not? Alternatives will be developed, and the strengths and weaknesses of each will need to be evaluated. Q3. Why perception is included in the process of decision making? Ans.: Perception is a cognitive process by which individuals organize, interpret, and understand their surroundings and environment which also includes impressions formed objects, events, and people. In the process of making decisions, we must fully understand the situation along with its facts to come to a resolution. Without consuming all the factors, the wrong decision may be made. Every decision requires interpretation and evaluation of information. The perceptions of the decision maker will address these two issues. Perception in manufacturing sector Indias manufacturing sector has registered a balanced growth across different industries over the last six months with even the old economy companies turning the corner, says a new study. The CII manufacturing-ASCON survey, carried out by the Associations Council of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), states that 65 percent of the companies in 125 sectors tracked have been registering growth during the last six months. The Indian economy is poised to reap the benefits that come with a strong manufacturing base in an economy. The relentless emphasis that Indian companies have placed on continuously enhancing design and engineering skills, building new capabilities for product and technology innovation and in leveraging resources from around the world to provide value to customers are contributing in transforming Made in India into a global brand. The India advantage is fast changing from that of cost arbitrage to include sustainable factors such as skilled labour, design and research and development capability, a large consuming middle class, besides a growing and liberalizing economy, states the survey for April-September 2006. The manufacturing sector is clearly benefiting from this changing perception. In fact, manufacturing in India is now acquiring a whole new dimension. While many low-end jobs are being outsourced to India, the manufacturing sector is also turning into the design and manufacturing hub of the world. Be it industrial robot manufacturer Gudel or auto giant BMW or South Korean consumer goods giant LG, India has become a key manufacturing destination for a large number of global players. It is already a preferred destination for the manufacture of auto components, bulk drugs and producer services such as software, finance and several others. The manufacturing sector had recorded a growth of 9.1 percent in 2005-06, compared to 9.2 percent in the previous year. This is being strengthened quarter-on-quarter during the current fiscal. The manufacturing sector seems set to enhancing its share in the GDP to the targeted 30 percent. CONCLUSION The Perception and Reality of Business Effectiveness The Perception of Business Effectiveness Lets talk about the perception and reality of business growth. You know the difference between perception and reality. Perception gives you an impression. Reality is the experience of the truth of the matter. Reality is what counts. Perception/impression may not to give you results that you would expect, or like. The perception of where your company is with regard to growth is based on your increasing sales and profitability, the company perspective of itself, and it as compared to your competition and industry standard. You could ask yourself What is the perception of my corporate growth?, Is my corporate growth bringing me the long-term results I am looking for? And, what are the costs of my company not fulfilling its growth potential? It is important to note here that the reality of a companys achievement and growth could be quite different based on another perspective. The perception of your business condition could be deceiving, and could include a number of unseen losses. Your perception is verified by its comparison to another perspective. Opportunity Analysis We can focus on a companys position by asking these questions What is the perception of how we are doing as a company? How can I see what to do to know where to go to do better? What would it take to improve the outcome of my results? What would the reality look like of what I could achieve? How would the improved results put the company in a more profitable and secure position? Am I committed to produce the results I envision? What can I do now to start gaining better business results? What we are addressing here is turning a perception into a new reality by understanding where we are at and creating a path to a reality of improved business development and greater profitability results. The Reality of Business Effectiveness Cutting Costs and Building Profitability As we know building profitability can often be focused on cutting costs. The problem and limitation to building profitability by cutting costs is that you can only cut costs until you have no more costs to cut, and then you might be out of business. Obviously you cannot build company growth on out of business; you cannot build company growth on cutting costs. You can build on opportunities. The key is seeing the opportunities and knowing how to address them. In perceiving opportunities the forest and the trees, the being to close to see it, can come into play. The advantage of an outside business development professional is that they can see the opportunities clearer. A business development professional unveils possibilities for companies by revealing business building opportunities through the background of extensive business experience and a natural talent in business clarity and ideas, coupled with a valuable outside perspective, that creates business results that are effective looking in from outside of the current perception. Creating improved business outcomes for company growth requires a prudent combination of successful cost consciousness and business building that provides the most effective long-term profitability results. At a last, perception is very important for decision making in manufacturing business it also help in sustaining and attaining goals of business ..

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‘Clan Of The Cave Bear’ By Jean Auel Jean Auel wrote the book by the name of the â€Å"Clan of the cave bear† and it has been hailed as one of the bets pieces of all times. It was so good that even a movie has been made on the story line and much of the success of the movie can be accredited to the success of the book itself. The story is basically about this woman and her struggles in life and it is very broad because the story develops over the years and it encompasses a number of other characters and happenings in her life. It is about how things shape out in her life and many a reader may get the impression that it is herself that she is talking about and that she went through the similar period of turmoil and trouble in her own times. Life can be a funny thing and as the title of the play suggests that it is about a family which in this case is the family of the bear or his clan and the story deals with their lives and developments over the years. The story begins like any common novel but the way in which the language and expression can be felt is very deep rooted and the impact is very deep. It is able to interact with the people and the human values and human touch has been emphasized by the writer. She feels that the best way to interact with the reader is by giving them something that is new to them. Humane touch and the human element is something that has been missing in the books of recent times and that is what makes the American writers peculiar because their level of interaction and their inclusion of the human values in their works are very pronounced. The main character in the book is a female who is left stranded after a disaster and she is at a loss of words because she is still in her tender age. She is so young t... ...the prime focus of study in the book and the writer has not spared any thought about their description and she has done a remarkably wonderful job of making that link so effective between the two completely different worlds. The adoptive and the parental instincts as well as the human touch are apparently clear. The two worlds might seem equally ugly to one another from a naked eye. Ayla learns about new things and is able to understand the things that are not known to the outside world. There are social and moral taboos and she breaks them and she is allowed to do so and she ventures in the unfamiliar territory where no one else has been before. There is mystery and there may be evolution but moreover it is all about the way the things may interact and bring out the best from the ends where things might have been there but have always gone so unnoticed by us all.

Early learning studies Essay

In the first five years of life, a child has gone through rapid development in physical, cognitive, and social/emotional characteristics. Around the time these children start kindergarten, their growth has slowed down. However, it is still vital for the kindergarten teacher to know how their students have developed and what they can do to further develop their students as a whole. According to â€Å"Educating Children in Nursery Schools and Kindergartens† by Lillian L. Gore, by the age of 5 children are learning how to relate to others in a positive manner. This skill forms the basis of all human relations (16). In general, kindergarten-aged children are beginning to develop their own self image and their likes and interests through sensory and other experiences (Gore 16). To a kindergarten-aged child, the world is big and mysterious. The combination of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development allow these children to explore and begin imposing basic order and control over their environments (Gore 16). Overall, these experiences allow children to understand and appreciate the world around them. When the teacher looks at the overall development of their kindergarten students, the physical, cognitive, and social/emotional aspects are relatively similar across each child. That is to say that each child experiences relatively the same development in all three areas. Physically, a kindergartener has two distinct developmental characteristics. #1 is the individual characteristics such as rate of growth, body build, and eye color (Gore 17). The teacher should respect each child’s unique characteristics and teach others to respect them as well. #2 is each kindergartener has a wide output of energy (Gore 17). A kindergarten teacher should expect their students to be fully active one day and inactive the next. Similarly, the activities the children participate in receive different levels of energy from day to day (Gore 17). Cognitive development in kindergarten in vital for a child to understand and experience all that school and the world have to offer. In Gore’s book, she notes two important cognitive developments that a kindergarten child experiences. #1 is the development of hand-eye coordination (Gore 17). At this stage, children are developing awareness for everything that needs both hands and eyes in order to function properly. As the teacher, you should be aware of the students and their surroundings. Particularly on the playground, the teacher should know the students inability to judge speeds and distances properly (Gore 17). To aid in the development of proper hand-eye coordination, the teacher should incorporate hand-eye coordination lessons and activities into the daily schedule. The second important cognitive development in kindergarteners is that they want to grow and learn (Gore 19). Kindergarten is a stepping stone into what school will be like for the rest of their lives, and the fact that each student wants to grow and learn makes the teacher’s job easier because the students are intrinsically motivated. To further their enjoyment of learning it is important for the teacher to provide conditions for each student to explore, discover, and feed their sense of wonder at their own pace (Gore 19). Teachers should also allow students to think and solve problems at their own pace as well (Gore 19). By letting each student work at his or her own pace, the student feeds their desire to grow and learn and also learns that they are capable of many things. One of the most important developments that kindergarten children make is social and emotional developments. Both these developments aid children in forming friendships, relationships and emotional maturity as their lives continue. Two social developments are highlighted in Gore’s book. #1 is that children will fluctuate their patterns of social growth and they may regress at times (Gore18). This is a natural process that children go through and navigating it can be tricky. As a teacher, we should encourage children to proceed in and out of groups at will (Gore 18). This will allow children to experience many different people and form many friendships. As teachers we should also encourage students to relate an experience with one group of students to experiences with another group (Gore 18). This will allow each student to mentally process each experience and decide which experiences they prefer to have, which in turn leads to them having friends of similar beliefs and interests. Above all, kindergarten children learn how to cooperate with others when they choose which group of students to associate with. The second social characteristic that kindergarten children develop is their preference of children of the same sex as playmates and friends (Gore 18). As a teacher we should support this development and help each child learn appropriate sex role with their peers. In addition, kindergarten teachers should also encourage children of the opposite sex to interact. When it comes to emotional characteristics of development, the #1 characteristic is that children in kindergarten are learning how to accept and give affection (Gore 18). This developmental characteristic is vitally important because if children do not learn how to give and accept affection, then all their relationships with others will be short-lived. We as teachers can help foster this important characteristic by providing warm relationships for emotional growth in the classroom and individually with your students (Gore 18). In addition to the developmental characteristics, a kindergarten teacher must also be aware of how they arrange their classroom. Utilizing space and organizing the classroom to best suit the needs of the students allows each kindergartener to maximize their use of the classroom. In Doris Fromberg’s book â€Å"The Full-day Kindergarten†, it is important to know both the teacher’s and the student’s views on four elements relating to classroom organization. Those four elements are; â€Å"Choice: what the students will be doing. Space: where the students will be engaged. Pacing: when the students will be participating. Social Activity: how and with whom the students will interact† (Fromberg 62). These elements are also applicable to what the students are doing in a kindergarten classroom and what activities they participate in. By understanding when and where to implement these four elements, the classroom experience will be enhanced for all the kindergarten students. In a kindergarten classroom, the students are capable of making choices that are relevant to the school-day procedure (Fromberg 62). When a kindergarten student, or any other person, chooses what to do, their attention is higher to that activity than if they had not chosen. However, this is not to say that kindergarten students enter into an â€Å"anything goes† classroom (Fromberg 62). The teacher has preselected and screened everything that is already in the classroom to ensure that it is safe and educationally-sound. The teacher also screens the materials that students bring from home on the same criteria (Fromberg 62). By ensuring that all materials in the classroom are on the same level and that the children decide what they want to do, they will establish a routine of making independent choices knowing that what they choose will spark their interests and be educationally appropriate. The space and organization of the classroom is an important concept to consider when in a kindergarten classroom. Kindergarten students enjoy moving around and being independent, but also need a sense of stability and security. How the classroom space is organized reflects four characteristics about the teacher and the classroom in general: 1) How independent the students are expected to be. 2) How responsible the students are expected to be. 3) Relays what activities are valued in the classroom. 4) How students will spend their time in the classroom (Fromberg 64). When organizing the classroom, it is important to keep materials where they will be used and in limited-use sections. By creating a section of the room only for writing, or art, or reading, children will be more focused on that activity or feel part of a small group (Fromberg 64). Limited-use sections also help the students answer the question, â€Å"What will I do next? † (Fromberg 64) For example, a child that is finished at the writing center will know that there is nothing more they can accomplish at this center; they decide that they want to work on their art project and move to the appropriate section. By utilizing limited-use sections, the students are minimizing procrastination and are maximizing their ability to select their own choices. By using these elements, Fromberg describes a properly organized kindergarten classroom. In a kindergarten classroom, all materials are stored where they will be used; books are in the reading areas, writing supplies are in the writing area, and art supplies are in the art area. The students work in the areas where the materials are stored. This not only keeps them focused on their tasks, but also eliminates the possibility of misplacing materials. These active work areas should be located away from student desks or other areas where students are meant to concentrate and reflect (Fromberg 64). In addition, the teacher should always organize their classroom where they and the students are visible to each other at all times. This not only allows the teacher to monitor behavior, but it also allow students to see what model behavior looks like. In addition to the organization of the room, there also needs to be proper time management as well. Proper time management can help reduce the issues that arise in those students who have ADHD or other unpredictable behavior patterns (Fromberg 66). In a full day kindergarten classroom, it is beneficial to have a whole-class planning session in the morning and afternoon, with a small gathering before lunch or around 11:00 AM according to Fromberg (66). Kindergarten instructors have found it helpful to provide at least two long activity blocks of 30 minutes or more each day (Fromberg 66). In this time, the students will be engaging with the different sections of the room; art, writing, reading, etc. at their own choice and pace. From having this time to select which activity to do and how long to do it for, the students are inspired to make long-range plans and increase their sense of control over their environment (Fromberg 66). Within the kindergarten environment, the lessons and activities should emphasize academic content but also personal relationships and social behaviors. While kindergarten does prepare students to â€Å"do school† and everything that comes with it, I believe that lessons and activities that stress proper relationship techniques and social behaviors are just as important. For example, kindergarteners may not realize what they say sometimes and although they find nothing wrong with it, the teacher or others students will. Having several lessons on how to talk to other students in a nice and polite way will not only benefit the students in class, but they can take that knowledge and apply it to other situations as well, such as talking to adults. Lessons that demonstrate proper social behaviors and etiquette will also benefit kindergarteners. For example, how to stay quiet and listen while another person is talking or how to solve conflicts in a respectful manner will again not only benefit the students in the classroom, but also prepare them for the world as they grow older. Finally, classroom management is very important in a kindergarten class. A teacher could have a perfectly organized room and excellent lessons, but if they cannot manage their students they will never get a chance to utilize their room or lessons. Firstly, the kindergarten teacher should make a set of class rules for the school year. In addition to their professional opinion, the teacher should ask the students themselves what rules should be followed during the school year. This serves two purposes: 1. it reinforces the element that children are capable of making relevant choices pertaining to school and 2. It allows the students to feel that they have a say in how the classroom is to be run. By having this sense of control, the students are more likely to follow the rules and provide less argument when disruptions arise. Secondly, student behavior accountability should be established. In her article â€Å"Classroom Management†, Jody Camp describes her accountability system. She has four circles displayed in her room, each a different color and face. All the students have a clothes pin with their name on it. Every morning each student starts on the green smiley face. If a student breaks one classroom rule, they move their clothes pin to the yellow face. The yellow face is a warning for the student to start acting correctly. In addition to that, the student loses 5 minutes of recess. If the student breaks another rule, they move to the red face, which means the student needs to stop and think about what they are doing. The student also misses an entire recess. The last face in Jody Camp’s management system is the blue sad face. This means that the student needs to go to the principal’s office (Classroom Management). By implementing these or similar classroom management techniques, any teacher will be successful and be able to focus the majority of their time on educating the minds of America. As a student moves through elementary school and into middle school many changes occur so fast that they may, to the frustration of teachers and parents, act like kindergarteners once more. However, it is important to realize and understand the developmental characteristics of middle school students so they still have a positive educational experience. Similar to kindergarten students, middle school students have their own unique set of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional characteristics. Physically, middle school students are in transition between their childhood bodies and their adult bodies. This leads to three main physical characteristics. Susan Robinson, Guidance Counselor at Southern Columbia School District in Catawissa, PA, nicely lays out physical characteristics of middle school students (5th-8th grade) on her webpage. The first physical characteristic is large muscle development (5th Grade Characteristics). In boys, this means that their arm and leg muscles are becoming more defined, as well as their abdomens. In girls, muscle development leads to growth spurts and gaining weight. The second physical characteristic is the desire to be outdoors and physically challenged (5th Grade Characteristics). It is at this time that both boys and girls become very interested in sports and physical activity. This characteristic can also lead to a decline in school performance because the students are more interested in playing outside than doing homework. The third physical characteristic is that they become restless and in constant motion (6th Grade Characteristics). The need to move and be active can also lead to declining performance because the students won’t be as focused. This can also lead to more discipline because the students can’t stay in one place for extended periods of time. Cognitively, middle school students are now open to more abstract and logical reasoning than ever before. The first cognitive characteristic is that 5th grade students have is an increased memory and ability to abstract (5th Grade Characteristics). The increase in memory potential allows the students to remember more academic information, but also helps them remember social activities like birthday parties and phone numbers. The second cognitive characteristic is the affinity for logical reasoning and problems solving (5th Grade Characteristics). 5th and 6th grade students are now using more of their brain in every aspect of life which allows them to solve and reason more than ever before. Similar to how kindergarten students like to impose control on their environments, middle school students enjoy the feeling of being able to solve a problem or think logically with classmates and teachers. The third cognitive characteristic of middle school students is their increased concentration in all aspects of school (5th Grade Characteristics). With the increase of concentration students are able to read, focus on homework, and participate in activities for longer periods of time. This cognitive gain can help balance out the need for movement during physical development. Middle school is the time when every student starts to define who they are and who they want to be. Socially and emotionally, each middle school student is becoming more mature as they grow older and it is important to know what developmental characteristics these students face. When a student is in 5th grade they are more socially and emotionally sound than 6th graders. The first developmental characteristic of 5th graders is that they are generally content with themselves and others (5th Grade Characteristics). At this stage they are in a state of equilibrium in terms of social and emotional growth. This is not to say that 5th graders are void of anger. When this age group gets angry, they tend to get angrier faster than usual but they also are faster to forgive (5th Grade Characteristics). The second characteristic of 5th graders is that they work well in groups and enjoy team-oriented activities such as sports and clubs (5th Grade Characteristics). Because they are generally content, it boosts 5th graders abilities to work cooperatively. This age group would benefit greatly from pods in the classroom and team-oriented competition. Lastly, 5th graders are mostly truthful and are developing a larger sense of right and wrong (5th Grade Characteristics). At this age, students want to be taken seriously because they feel that they have valuable opinions. They realize that they can’t lie and be taken seriously so they tell the truth. Also, as they are telling the truth more, they are expanding their sense of right and wrong. It is at this point when crucial right/wrong situations should be explained to the students such as drugs and alcohol. When a child hits 6th grade, they change once again and sometimes not for the better. There are three main characteristics of 6th graders from Susan Robinson’s website. The first is that 6th graders become more moody and sensitive (6th Grade Characteristics). 6th graders are starting to hit puberty and this messes with their normal selves. The hormones set off mood swings and sensitivity towards almost any situation. It is important to know this because it could be the cause of many problems with your students. The second characteristic is that 6th graders are becoming more autonomous and with that comes more opposition to rules and punishments (6th Grade Characteristics). As they get older, the students begin to realize that they are held to higher standards but still try to get around those expectations. This inevitably leads to confrontations between teacher and student(s) and the student(s) will test your patience at this age. The third characteristic is more positive. As the students age and grow during 6th grade, they will start to take on an adult personality (6th Grade Characteristics). They will lessen their oppositional behavior and become more respectful and dutiful in school work and social activities. While their bodies are going through a massive amount of change in a short period of time, it is important to layout the classroom, lessons, and management techniques to keep up with these middle school learners. First off, it is important to keep the students in groups when at their desks. This helps the students remain social with others and it helps the students to keep working in teams. As they are older, each student should be given their own desk. This allows the student to become more independent and it allows for individuality to show through if they are permitted to decorate their desk. Similar to the kindergarten room, there should be sections of the room where students can go to complete different assignments. Especially at this time, the movement will allow these students to relieve some tension from their growing bodies. Overall, the classroom at the middle school level starts to become similar to that of high school and college classrooms, but should still represent a sense of home and security for 5th and 6th graders. The lessons and activities that these students participate in should also be developmentally appropriate. At this stage of life, the students are beginning to think and reason logically. Therefore, lessons in math and science can enhance the individual student’s ability to think and reason logically. In addition to logic and reasoning, social skills are key to a healthy development. In 5th and 6th grade, it is important to teach and model proper social etiquette and behaviors. One way to accomplish this is to have the students sit in pods when at their desks. This serves two purposes: 1) it allows each student to work in close proximity to other students and 2) it allows students to practice proper social behavior on a daily basis. Lastly, students at this age are going through major physical changes and it is important to keep that in mind when designing lessons and activities. When possible, incorporate some form of physical movement into your lesson plans. This will allow the students to move their bodies and retain focus in school. If you simply let the students sit at their seats all day, they will become restless very quickly and will lose focus and interest in what you are trying to teach them. Similar to the kindergarten classroom, without successful classroom management techniques, the teacher will struggle to maintain focus and interest in their lessons. With this age group, routines are essential to having successful classroom management. As noted by many teachers, routines help the students to know what is coming next in the school day and how to proceed from one task to the next. With a regular routine, students won’t need to be told to take out their reading materials or their math books; they will already know what is coming. By establishing successful routines, the teacher can minimize distractions and maximize learning time. Another management technique that I remember from 6th grade was the use of a money management system. My teacher, Diane Dale, set up a management system that revolved around the use of a weekly â€Å"allowance† for each student. Each student started the week with a predetermined amount of â€Å"money†, i. e.$100. Actions in class had either a positive or negative effect on the student’s allowance. For example, if one student got a perfect on their math test, they may get $25 added to their account. If another student starts a fight on the playground, besides the consequences of the principal, they may lose $75. At the end of each week the students with the 3 highest allowances got to pick a prize from the â€Å"Class Treasure Chest†. To my recollection, this system worked well in our class and I plan on modifying this management system to create my own. All in all, as an elementary teacher it is important to know and be able to work with students from all age groups. By understanding the characteristics of the students in your class, you will be able to maximize the effectiveness of your lessons because they are aimed to work with their developmental characteristics, not as a substitute. In addition, to knowing developmental characteristics, a teacher should also institute effective classroom management techniques and proper lesson plans that will maximize the learning experience for each student. Works Cited Gore, Lillian L. , and Rose Koury. Educating Children in Nursery School and Kindergartens. Washington: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1964. Print. Wills, Clarence Dechent, and Lucile Lindburg. Kindergarten for Today’s Children. Chicago: Follett Educational Corporation, 1967. Print. Fromberg, Doris. The Full-Day Kindergarten. 1995. eBook. Camp, Jody. http://www. atozteacherstuff. com/Tips/Classroom_Management/Managing_Behavior/index. shtml Robinson, Susan. http://www. scasd. us/ms/RobinsonPage/grade5. htm White, George. Incoming 6th Graders. http://www. ringwoodschools. org/files/ryerson/parent_orientation_booklet. pdf.

Free Essays on How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses

Abstract The experiment, Be a Juror was studied to explore the importance of eyewitness testimonies in a jury trial. This study looks at both a jury’s behavior and an eyewitness’s testimony in a mock trial. The focus is mainly on assessing the reliability of eyewitness identifications. For this experiment, Be a Juror there was a total of seventy-five participants. There were a total of sixty-six female participants and nine male participants. All of the participants in this study ages averaged 22 years old. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three possible conditions. The conditions consisted of the no eyewitness, discredited eyewitness, or refuted eyewitness. Twenty-nine participants were exposed to the no eyewitness condition. This experiment was to measure participant’s degree of perceived guilt in one of the three conditions. Based on previous research in eyewitness testimonies it is hypothesized that the presence of an eyewitness testimony increases the b elief of guilt, regardless of the witness’s credibility. Introduction: Research dealing with eyewitness testimony and related issues have been going on for decades. To this date there continues to be some debate as to the accuracy of eyewitness memory. The experiment, Be a Juror is a study conducted to explore the importance of eyewitness testimonies in a jury trial. This study looks at both the jury’s behavior and the eyewitness’s testimony in a jury trial. One focus is to assess the reliability of eyewitness identifications. This study is important because of the recent increase in technological advances that have overturned convictions using DNA results that countered eyewitness testimony. This establishes that there are some considerable errors in eyewitness testimonies that have led to many convictions. Earlier research studies attempted to focus on: finding ways to help witnesses in recalling information, the effects of leadi... Free Essays on How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses Free Essays on How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses Abstract The experiment, Be a Juror was studied to explore the importance of eyewitness testimonies in a jury trial. This study looks at both a jury’s behavior and an eyewitness’s testimony in a mock trial. The focus is mainly on assessing the reliability of eyewitness identifications. For this experiment, Be a Juror there was a total of seventy-five participants. There were a total of sixty-six female participants and nine male participants. All of the participants in this study ages averaged 22 years old. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three possible conditions. The conditions consisted of the no eyewitness, discredited eyewitness, or refuted eyewitness. Twenty-nine participants were exposed to the no eyewitness condition. This experiment was to measure participant’s degree of perceived guilt in one of the three conditions. Based on previous research in eyewitness testimonies it is hypothesized that the presence of an eyewitness testimony increases the b elief of guilt, regardless of the witness’s credibility. Introduction: Research dealing with eyewitness testimony and related issues have been going on for decades. To this date there continues to be some debate as to the accuracy of eyewitness memory. The experiment, Be a Juror is a study conducted to explore the importance of eyewitness testimonies in a jury trial. This study looks at both the jury’s behavior and the eyewitness’s testimony in a jury trial. One focus is to assess the reliability of eyewitness identifications. This study is important because of the recent increase in technological advances that have overturned convictions using DNA results that countered eyewitness testimony. This establishes that there are some considerable errors in eyewitness testimonies that have led to many convictions. Earlier research studies attempted to focus on: finding ways to help witnesses in recalling information, the effects of leadi...