An outline of the Community Service Order - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2817 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Community Essay Did you like this example? 109528 Formerly known as a Community Service Order introduced by the Criminal Justice Act 1972, a community punishment order[1] is now regulated by the Powers of Criminal Courts Act of 2000. The aims of a community punishment order is solely to reform the offender whilst he/she remains in the community, allow an opportunity to reflect on the criminal act for which s/he has been sentenced, the order is a method of rehabilitation preventing the offender from falling into a life of criminal activity and is also reparative to the public (particularly the victim).[2] The order, defined by s.163 of the PCC (2000) requires the convicted offender to spend time on unpaid work for the benefit of the community for a period between 40 to 240 hours. The offender is supervised whilst undertaking this work by a member of the youth offending team, a social worker, or a member of the probation service. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An outline of the Community Service Order" essay for you Create order As outlined in s46 of the PCC(S) Act (2000), the minimum age for a young offender to be sentenced to a community punishment order is 16. It is an alternative to a custodial sentence for the juvenile who having committed the offence, and found guilty of it, would otherwise be sent to a young offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s institution. For those under the age of 18, the Youth Justice Board would be responsible for locating secure accommodation for the committed juvenile. The other criteria for this sentence is that the court is satisfied by pre-sentence reports of the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability and suitability to carry out this form of punishment and also à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there is somewhere suitable and a type of unpaid work available for the punishment to be carried out.[3] The Youth Justice Board was created by the Government in the provisions set out in the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998. With no specific body responsible in dealing with juvenile crime, the Government set out to create a Youth Justice Board responsible for both the operation and the provision of youth justice services.[4] The Boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s primary aim as set out in s.37(1) of the CDA was to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“..prevent offending by children and young personsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] When sentencing a young offender, consideration of the young personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare needs (as outlined in s44 of the Children and Young Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Act 1933) will be paramount but other considerations such as protecting the public from further harm, reforming the offender from committing further acts of crime and allowing the public (including the victim) to have confidence in the criminal justice system will also be taken into account.[6] The youth court will not recommend a community punishment order unless it can be certain that this is the right path for the young offender to reintegrate himself into the community and is convinced that a custodi al sentence would only seek to destroy this reintegration. The court must also be sure that the young offender will be able to carry out the punishment of unpaid work, for it is not an easy option as commonly quoted by young people and the public itself. According to Cavadino and Dignan in 1997,[7] community punishment orders were used as an aid to reducing the prison population, and as discussed later, the very scope of community punishment has been reflected as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“insufficiently punitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [8] However, once the courts have sentenced the young person to a community punishment order, it is then up to the agencies responsible for the supervision of the young offender to be careful in ensuring that no conflicts of timing are made in respect of the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s religious beliefs or any work/schooling schedule.[9] A convicted teenager may well view his sentence in this respect as being of relative ease to him, considering heavy demands of unpaid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  will not interfere with his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hecticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  scheduleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Indeed, Davies et al in their 1996 text on Criminal Justice illustrated the contempt some magistrates demonstrated on the very à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“punishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  they had passed sentence on.[10] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not structured enoughthey come and go as they pleaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“They tend to lose credibility when we have breach hearingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you hear how the administrator has bent over backwards in accepting excuses (in not completing the work allocated to them)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This view counters the very aim of community punishment orders, in that they are supposed to have a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“just desertsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  tag attached to them when they are handed down, or to simplify, are meant to punish the offender for his criminal activity. However a young offender is to be punished for his criminal behaviour, the primary aim of the agencies involved has always been the welfare of that very individual, on account of his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  status. Society and the courts in modern times have recognised that the influences and actions a child participates in before adulthood will usually impress upon him through adult life, which is why the youth courts have to be careful in how they dispense justice upon a convicted young offender in relation to a community service sentence. It is the requirement of the Youth Justice Board and the associated Young Offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Teams to prevent acts of crime before a child is immersed so deeply in criminal activity or an offence committed is so serious that it is only a matter of time before a youth court hearing is inevitable. Prosecution is viewed as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“last resortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  leaving many victims in despair as the youth continues t o offend depending on his attitude to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“softly, softlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  method. This rehabilitative approach has often been seen as treating offenders with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“kid glovesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or condoning the anti-social behaviour of young offenders. Indeed, there are many steps to encounter before a juvenile may find himself in front of a youth court, including programmes such as mentoring, a parenting order where the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parents attend classes on how to improve their disciplinary skills and activities for young people (which have often been reported in the media as rewarding bad behaviour with free outings and holidays). According to the youth justice board[11], these preventative activities are to re-educate the young offender, to re-engage teenagers in their local community in regards to education, employment or training and to encourage them in developing their own role as an individual with understanding to their actions and behaviour. It is recognised in a survey conducted by MORI[12] that young offenders, who are low achievers academically or have been sidelined from the compulsory education system, are the group most at risk in their likelihood to commit crime. When conducting their survey, MORI discovered that peer pressure and committing crime because it was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or because they were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  were among the greatest reasons why the offender decided in their actions to illicit criminal activity.[13] So what are the alternatives available if the preventative actions should fail, and the offender before a youth court is deemed unsuitable for a community punishment order? Close in range to a punishment order is community rehabilitation and punishment orders whereby the offender is required to undertake the following: to be of good behaviour and lead an industrious lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to inform the supervisor of changes in address, or employment; and to comply with the supervisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s orders for visits and in reporting to the officer when required. The above as outlined in Emmins on Criminal Procedure[14], are standard requirements of the offender, and are available for a period between six months to three years. It must be noted that these orders are only for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“matureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  teenagers over the age of 16 years, where it is hoped they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“appreciateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the opportunity being given them as a chance of rehabilitation from a life of crime (with the possibility of a custodial sentence). In all essence though, this order is to be seen as a deterrent with a means of protecting the public from further harm by the convicted youth. Other community based punishments are available for the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consideration, depending on the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suitability, and age, though they are not dependant on the element of unpaid work for the duration of the sentence. We will consider each of the following in turn. A curfew order is a requirement for the offender to rem ain in a specified place for a number of hours as agreed by the court. Usually in the form of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“electronic tagà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to ensure the offender complies, this order is regulated by the PCC (S) Act 2000, s.37 and is available in youth courts. It is often viewed as a restriction of liberty, regulating movements of the offender, though this type of punishment is not solely used for an offence which is normally punishable by imprisonment. The curfew order has a maximum duration of six months, and is extendable for a monitoring period of between two to twelve hours daily (half this if the offender is aged under 16). Theoretically, according to Stone in his sentencing text, this could add up to a punishment total of 2,184 hours, 9.1 times the length of a community punishment order.[15] Primarily used in youth courts, attendance centre orders has attracted little controversy since their inclusion as a community based punishment, originally under the Criminal Justic e Act, 1991.[16] It is not extensively used, as it has a limited age range, and little is required of the offender apart from attending a centre during his/her free leisure time, presumably to prevent them from being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and being pushed into further acts of criminal activity by their own mindset or peer pressure. The order can be made for a period from twelve up to a maximum of thirty-six hours for a youth between the ages of 16-20 years. Supervision orders introduced by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1969 is a flexible method of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“punishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and has a wider scope for pertaining to the complex needs of young offenders. Stone[17] argues that it is an appropriate sentence when the individual on the receiving end has complex needs and requires in-depth assessment. This may be more useful when there are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  behind the criminal act, and the individual has behavioural problems that is not only limited to being subject to influence by their peers, or because they were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inactive and boredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, the negative aspect to this sentence is that an individual cannot be changed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“overnightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  when the supervision order is for a limited period of duration. Also, several agency initiatives, such as social workers, police and probation officers need to collaborate with each other to ensure the aims of the order are being met. With stretched resources; this is less likely to happen. Under s69(3) of the PCC(S)A 2000, a sentence can be passed in the form of an Action Plan, if the court is satisfied that this would be the appropriate means to rehabilitate and prevent the commission of further criminal acts by him/her. This is only available to offenders under the age of 18, and cannot be used in conjunction with any other community based sentence. Available for a limited period up to three months, the juvenile attend s meetings twice a week under the National Standards for Youth Justice guidelines. Under s 69(1)(b) of the 2000 Act, the offender is placed under the supervision of an appropriate officer, and must comply with that officerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requests in order for the plan to be implemented to a successful conclusion. The action plan order has an element not attached to any other community based orders in that the offender must comply with the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s/officerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demands that he/she stay away from a named area and arrangements for his/her education must also be satisfied, presumably that the offender maintains a good attendance record and behaves accordingly to that effect. Also the court has an option to fix a review hearing to check on the progress of the juvenile concerned. This shows that the courts may not always be convinced of the action planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives if its officials require reassurance that the plan has rehabilitated the o ffender.[18] Fines are a means of monetary punishment to remind the offender that he has done wrong (R v Olliver, 1989)[19], though the negative aspect of this is that fines usually have to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chased upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  through the court bailiffs if they are not paid, and if the offender is under 18, then the duty falls to the parent to pay, where in reality this is punishing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“innocentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  party who is not in the dock for the crime in the first place. With this wide variety of punishments available to the youth courts, their influence is likely to be affected by the pre-sentence report that is mandatory under the CJA 1991. Easton and Piper in their text, Sentencing and Punishment discovered that much depends on the structure and quality of the report being made to the presiding judge. Indeed, their view is that 40% of reports in high-custody areas were poor or unsatisfactory. So, what does this mean for the young offender who is in t he dock of a youth court, found guilty of a crime and about to be sentenced? The MORI report shows that in the recent year of 2004, a high number of young people committed another crime after being caught by the police for their previous offence.[20] When questioned by MORI what their attitude were to committing crime, 40% of those who took part in the survey stated their primary concern was their parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reaction, closely followed by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of being arrested.[21] With community punishments often being viewed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“softà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and something to boast about between their friends as if it is a badge of respect that they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“earnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , or that they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“got off lightlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , there is a real danger that instead of being seen as a second chance to turn their lives round, the community sentences carry little weight in the criminal justice system for juvenile offender s. Easton and Piper[22] point out that in the future, the Action Plan order will seek to encompass all the bewildering array of community punishments, will run for a period of 1-12 months with several interventions from a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“menuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which will include the options of mentoring, fines and reparation.[23] The way forward, according to the Home Office is the concentration on supervision orders, with the added combination of a reparation order as laid down in the Crime and Disorder Act, 1998. Implementing this in 2001, the Youth Justice Board developed an Intense Supervision and Surveillance Programme (ISSP), utilising electronic means and human resources to deal with any non-compliance issues. The effect of the order is to attain some form of educational achievements and for the offender to gain an understanding and remorse for his actions.[24] Easton and Piper illustrate the dangers of increasing restrictive regimes on young offenders where reliability is on the resources to implement these programmes. Without the resources, the reduction of juvenile crime remains to be seen. Not only that, but without a structured life and a lack of self-control due to parental irresponsibility,[25] juvenile crime may continue to be a common occurrence in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. Bibliography Books Cavadino P and Dignan J, 1997, The Penal System: An Introduction, 2nd edn. London: Sage Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, Criminal Justice, 2nd edn, Pearson Ed: Essex Easton, S and Piper, C, 2005, Sentencing and Punishment, Oxford: OUP Hale et al, 2005, Criminology, Oxford: OUP Padfield, N, 2000, Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths Sprack, J, 2002, Emmins on Criminal Procedure, 9th edn, Oxford: OUP Stone, N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing, GB: Shaw and Sons Websites https://www.homeoffice.gov.uk https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/ https://www.youth-justice-board. gov.uk 1 Footnotes [1] Renamed to current name by: s41 of the CJCSA 2000 [2] pg.156, Stone.N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing Part Two, GB: Shaw Sons [3] p.390-391, Sprack, J, 2002, Emmins on Criminal Procedure, 9th edn, Oxford: OUP [4] s44(1) and (5)(a) Crime and Disorder Act 1998 [5] https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/98037f.htm#37 [6] Pg.353, Padfield N, 2000, Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 2nd edn. London: Butterworths [7] Cavadino P and Dignan J, 1997, The Penal System: An Introduction, 2nd edn. London: Sage [8] pg. 287, Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, Criminal Justice, 2nd edn, Pearson Ed: Essex [9] as outlined in PCC(S) 2000, s.47(2) [10] pg. 94-5, Davies et al, 1996, Criminal Justice, London: Sage [11] https://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/YouthJusticeBoard/Prevention/PAYP/ [12] https://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/Publications/Downloads/YouthSurvey2004.pdf [13] pg.29, Circumstances of offending, ibid [14] pg. 389, Sprac k, J, 2002, Emmins on Criminal Procedure, OUP: Oxford [15] pg.171, Stone, N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing : Part Two, GB: Shaw and Sons [16] Now regulated by the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, ss60-62 [17] 177, ibid [18] pg.186, Stone, N, 2001, A companion guide to sentencing : Part Two, GB: Shaw and Sons [19] R v Olliver (1989) 11 Cr App R(S) 10 [20]Table 3.4, pg.43, https://www.youthjusticeboard.gov.uk/Publications/Downloads/YouthSurvey2004.pdf 21Table 3.7,pg.46, https://www.youthjusticeboard.gov.uk/Publications/Downloads/YouthSurvey2004.pdf 22 paras 7 and 17, 2003, Home Office, Youth Justice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Next Steps, London: Home Office [21]23 pg.254, Easton, S and Piper, C, 2005, Sentencing and Punishment, Oxford: OUP [22]24 ibid [23] [24] [25] Hale et al, 2005, Criminology, Oxford: OUP

Night By Elie Wiesel Book Analysis - 708 Words

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Process matrix Free Essays

For my process design matrix I chose a financial consulting service and a fitness product that I am familiar with. For my financial services I have a dedicated team that I assign different projects and tasks to. I try to ensure that our service it above average in quality and time frames. We will write a custom essay sample on Process matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now To ensure this I keep a continuously updated roster of files and agents that I assign new and specifically tough deals to. If I know of an incoming file I can pre schedule to audit the file and do my research on which agent has the appropriate experience and time to commit. Once this is done we interview the client with the agent to ensure a good working relationship will ensue. As the project moves forward I manage the agent’s expectations and commitments to the client and provide all the assistance the agent may need. Often times we assign an assistant to make the process move along smoother and meet our commitments. We have obviously no inventory other than human resources and this provides the quality of our service which is the measure of success and quality. The product I chose is a fitness product I am familiar with, Core 46. The product has been through 4 years of design and research work. The tooling and manufacturing has been researched and committed to through another year of work and testing. We are nearing the final design stage and upon completion we will require the manufacturing facility to commit to no less than 100,000 units per month. This will not be near our order demands which will require us to contract with no less than a total of 4 manufacturing facilities in different strategic locations. The quality focus will be nearly guaranteed as the individual pieces will be made from a mold that is already going through extensive quality testing. Upon completion of the old making we will order a total of 4 sets to be sent to the 4 manufacturing facilities. All manufacturing will be done on a Just In Time TOT) basis. We will occasionally run mass quantities but that will be shipped to accommodate international purchase orders from Distribution Centers in Australia, Asia and Europe. Performance of the manufacturing centers will be based purely on their ability to meet demand and random quality testing. Once the customers receive the final product a survey will be sent ensuring the product was prepared, assembled, packaged and set up according to plan and expectations. We will be able to track ACH order based on the manufacturing center it was initially ordered from. There is and will be only minimal allowances regarding returns do to manufacturing mistakes and the facility will be charged back xx on each as is written into their contracts. Both my financial services and Core 46 are well thought out and planned projects that require much management and hands on follow up. I don’t expect or allow for much failure so key components are put in the plan and accommodations for all levels of needs and quality assurances are in place accordingly. This is the only way to ensure business is done properly success ensues. How to cite Process matrix, Essays

Ethics and Social Responsibility free essay sample

Others argue that social responsibility is shown only when companies go beyond what is optional, and really intend to create a benefit for others besides the company. Some companies may not benefit from some forms of social responsibility. These businesses should focus on what they do best as a business and give back what they can. Examples of socially responsible behavior range from rojects that raise money for research on diseases, raising money for the needy, requiring workers to volunteer within the community, recalling products that may be dangerous, promoting recycling, and offering free services to the disadvantaged. The role of ethics an social responsibility in business You may have stumbled upon this section by accident and dont feel you have done anything in the workplace that is less than completely honest and ethical at all times. Youve always played by the rules of your industry. However, many now-disgraced CEOs believed they also were playing by the rules of the game. Decisions made should not be unethical so that the reputation of the corporation is not jeopardized. Even though part of social responsibility is to increase profits by doing so organization have to stay within the rules of game which means to engage in open and free competition without deceptions or fraud (Wheelan amp; Hunger, 2010). Ethical behavior and social responsibility are similar but different they both demonstrate a standard of moral behavior, behavior that is accepted by society as right or wrong is considered ethics. Social responsibility is about improving the quality of relations with key stakeholders. In business an ethical code is very important to have, these codes set the standards of your company. Social responsibility is a continuance of ethics it involves more than just the principles of ethics it also includes integrity, fairness, and respect which affect stakeholders. Companies have a responsibility to their stakeholders to make decisions appropriately as possible. A stakeholder is a person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization (Ethics, 2013). Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Decisions should be made as ethically as possible to avoid jeopardizing the corporations’ reputation. As a courtesy to the community stakeholders should be informed of layoffs or any other act that may directly affect those involved overall. The effects of a dramatic change can take a toll on the communities that rely on the business for their needs. Keeping stakeholders abreast of change will give individuals a chance to adjust to upcoming events gradually, which in turn will avoid anger and hostility towards the corporations. The Enron scandal still tops the list of unethical behavior in any organization. This scandal demonstrated immoral practices from the pressure of potential bankruptcy and greed for more profit. This scandal shows that companies who do not follow a code of ethics and break laws should be punished. Because the company did not follow any code of ethics the government took legal action and placed several individuals from upper management in jail. This scandal could have been avoided by not having the same internal and external auditors, by having a tougher code of ethics, and by making the public more aware of the financial information pertaining to the company and their executives. References Ethics. (2013, January). Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ethics. html Wheelan, T. L. , amp; Hunger, J. D. (2010). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Achieving Sustainability (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River,, NJ: Prentice Hall.